Turned around and used against Blacks by Whites. In reference to the shine their skin can sometimes give off. Blacks in Hawaii who attempt to pass themselves off as ethnically Hawaiian. Odyssey will continue to spotlight top response articles on our homepage every week, and in our brand new newsletter Overheard on Odyssey. No matter who you are or where youre from, Gosh-A-Mighty can be an expressive addition to any phrase! Here's a few slang words you'll hear a Mississippian say in conversation: 1. From the reflection you see when looking at a spoon. self explanatory. A. Arrogant female blacks who flaunt their money around and demand the finest things in life. South African - Referred to as undeveloped (as in film negatives). Also for the black-orienied weekly magazine JET. Probably not a very good slur, as it's one of the words of NAACP. So are the poor, crowded neighborhoods that Blacks are forced into. Combination of Leprechaun and Coon for blacks of Irish descent. Comes from the character Calpurnia in the book "To Kill a Mocking Bird. Ask a Mississippi resident for directions, and this phrase will most likely be thrown in somewhere. 1. During the days of the KKK many black people were hanged from th same tree. Thang is a Mississippi slang term used to widely describe anything from tangible objects, intangible feelings, or even abstract concepts. Mississippians are fully aware that some things are just out of their control and thats where this phrase comes in. Could also be a reference to "Jim Crow", a popular 19th-century minstrel song that stereotyped African Americans, which later was used as the name of the. Refers to unusual names given to many black men; actually, a material used by Du Pont for large mailing envelopes. The Hawaiians or Polynesians call Blacks this name. Slur for an old African American man. It was in the movie "Shaft." Jonathan Odell is the author of "The Healing" and, most recently, "Miss Hazel and the Rosa Parks League," a novel that was inspired in part by his mother, one of many ill-suited . Italian for eggplant (technically Mulignane). The actor who did the voice was also Black. The question is pretty common since Mississippians are known for great cooking and hospitality. From Afro hair style and Bro for brother. With such a colorful vocabulary, how could anyone not to love Mississippi? While no one has discovered the exact origin, it might have been a tribute to a dignified friend, perhaps an impressive pocket watch-carrying canine complete with a top hat. Mississippians are fully aware that some things are just out of their control - and that's where this phrase comes in. Racially translated to "Farmers Used to Buy (or Beat) Us". 3.6 percent of this state's residents speak a language other than English. Used by hispanics in conjunction with nigger, but not just for black people. Al Sharpton's radio show. Being bottom-feeders; Mud "musk" turtles have a distinct odor and are mud-colored. Black men who prefer white women. If youre going to make it in Mississippi, you have to master the language. Refers to slave trading. Some people will never understand, but us Mississippians know. Mostly used on TV or for musical purposes. Three possible origins: The slave owners would "pick a nincompoop" from the lineup of slaves; or the slave children who couldn't pick cotton "ain't pickaninny"; in some parts of the south, breasts are referred to as ninnys, so pickaninny was a reference to blacks being used as wetnurses. Heard it used by Renko on Hill Street Blues. Mishweya for females. They can't help it! "Baas" being Afrikaans for boss. A typical behavior of monkeys is to throw feces. 2 of the more common sounds they make in their general street slang. ), In the movie "New Jack City" Chris Rock played a black/crack-head named Pookie, Low-income housing with no air conditioning led to many blacks in the projects sitting on the porch to stay cool. When the whites were sitting on the bus, the blacks had to stand and hold onto the strap. Yellow Eyed Nigger. Many African Americans began to embraced the notions of black self-empowerment, political power, and economic independence. A hispanic term for blacks meaning monkey in most dialects. Joe. In some areas of Mississippi, people use the phrase ketched up to describe being entangled in gossip or trying to keep up with the latest rumors. Metro Atlanta Regional Transit Authority. Not the same you damn Yankees! To make a black snowman, you use niglige. What we got to start saying now is Black Power! During the late 80's and early 90's it was popular for blacks to cut their hair at an angle, forming a bevel that look similar to those pink erasers that you used in grade school. North Carolina: "Cackalacky". Until then, though, residents will have to deal with high water. Sitcom named the Cosby's. Here are 12 popular phrases that you may want to rethink using in everyday conversation. Irish, especially during the late 19th early 20th century, were thought of as no better than "niggers," and conversely, blacks were associated with them. A black guy who acts white. This word has been used since the 17th century to refer to a male Negro - no matter whether slave or not. Comes from the African word for "person". Usually light skinned mixed breed black and any other race. Can be heard amongst other slurs in the People Haters song, "You're A Nigger", Scat is also known as animal fecal matter, which is brown; also for Scat music which is from black origin. Tootsie rolls are small and brown. Some blacks call other "Dawgs". Copyright 2023 About Higher Language | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Contact Us. In reference to the 3/5ths Compromise, where the US Gov't decided that slaves (Blacks) only counted as 3/5ths of a person for population reasons. Hankerin' Just by looking at this word it really makes no sense at all. Black males who behave like whites or talk very proper. The remarkable beauty of this cosmic wonder has earned it the unique title blue moon. Alligator Bait Something That Is Very Tasty Or Desirable: 2. The category "Other Native North American languages" includes Apache, Cherokee, Choctaw . Named after the brand of footwear who's ad campaign is targeted towards blacks. "We ain't Spoda be here." So next time youre in Mississippi, be sure to use this Mississippi slang term easily! Common steel-toed boots are black in color and have large, bulky toes - referencing the size of black's lips. If an outsider heard this, they'd probably wonder why you didn't drive. Shes also had the honor of interviewing actress Sela Ward for The Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Experience. Here are 10 sayings that most Mississippians have said, will say, or have heard said from a fellow neighbor. 1. Destro is the evil Cobra character from G.I. Black people were whipped while they were slaves. From the movie Goodfellas, character Stacks Edwards, the only black character, manages to fuck up the heist. Zarion Alaysh 335 subscribers 557 Dislike Share 19,609 views Dec 18, 2019 #zarionalaysh #mississippi #slang Thanks for watching and comment. Specific words of the original submitter, of which I am fascinated by. Mississippis unique slangs are a remarkable reflection of the culture, connecting friends and family in a bond that creates a unique sense of belonging. This state has the nation's highest proportion of speakers of Choctaw. Reference to the popular black hair style of afro's. It was said that they looked like monkeys at the zoo. Currently embodies stereotypes of docility, laziness, stupidity, and disloyalty. The Racial Slur Database, since 1999. The best hidden gems and little known destinations - straight to your inbox. Female version of Mooley. Walk With The Dinosaurs At This Museum Park In Mississippi, These 5 Celebrities Hail From Some Of Mississippis Most Charming Small Towns, 5 Roads With The Best Windshield Views In All Of Mississippi, How This Small Mississippi Town Quietly Became The Coolest Place In The South, 13 Words And Phrases People In Mississippi Just Dont Understand, 10 Foolproof Ways To Spot An Impostor In Mississippi, 11 Undying Habits That Prove You Can Never Take Mississippi Out Of The Mississippian, Here Are The 15 Dishes You Have To Eat In Mississippi Before You Die. Pepper" and then bored his audience with self-important lyrics, losing major credibility in the process. Like Mammy. Congratulations to all the writers! But thats exactly the point. Combination of 'jack rabbit' and 'Aunt Jemima.' Used mainly by darker-skinned Blacks to lighter-skinned Blacks. The adults were called "porch monkeys," and the children were "yard apes.". Inspired from the 80's version of Degrassi Jr. High where the black guy wore a shirt with the phrase "BLT," his initials. From Yaphet Kotto's Character in the Bond film "Live and Let Die.". MISSISSIPPI SLANG |What do we say in the Sip!? Tate Reeves and other officials over the passage of two bills that would expand state control over Jackson's policing and judicial system.. For example, it could refer to your favorite food, an amazing video game, or anything you would miss if gone! Its used by someone to imply that theyll do something or show up somewhere unless some unforeseen circumstance occurs. Used by the church that was attended by Mr. Smith - the hate killer that shot up a bunch of Jews and Blacks in the summer of '99. Look at one and the origin will be obvious. It turned into a hate crime case. A popular political affiliation among African Americans. Jungle is referred to their jungle origins and bunny is referred to some people saying that jack rabbits looked like 'lynched' black people. As long as you use your senses while listening to conversations between Mississippians, no problem will arise. From the joke "what do you call a Black Smurf?". Shortened from Melanzane, meaning "eggplant" in Italian. Derived from "conk", a lye-straightened hairdo popularized in the 1920s by Cab Calloway. I started my career as a teacher in Madrid, Spain, where I taught business professionals. Probably refers to the Portuguese word for slave pens or barracks "baracoons". The term blue moon means two full moons in one month, which is rare. (Pronounced Spoh-tuh) Stereotype of dumb inner city blacks' slang for supposed to. Well then, bless your heart. Harlem's (NY) residents are primarily Black. 12 Unique Slang Words For Fashion Its Time To Upgrade! Used by lifeguards, because they're always rescuing blacks; they sink like rocks. US President Abraham Lincoln is known to have freed the slaves. Gosh-A-Mighty An Expression Of Surprise: 7. 2. While the exact origin of this phrase is disputed, there are multiple variations of the definition used by native speakers in the Mississippi region. Originally Louis Armstrong's nickname. During the Industrial boom of the auto industry and OSHA'a requirement of safety precautions, workers were required to wear steel-toed boots. The whole "Wayans" family was on In Living Color. Have you ever heard of a jackleg? "Black Mans Wish," referring to BMW automobiles. William "Bojangles" Robinson was a famous black dancer. The oldest living black person in a community. Refering to lazy slaves. Spelled with a K, as in the Korn song of the same title. Black on the outside, white on the inside. Angry black woman; B. Similar to Aunt Jemima. Email glorie@theodysseyonline.com to get started! See Cricket. Low-income housing quite often has no air conditioning. And blacks pretend they are injured so they can collect. Here in Mississippi we love our tea on ice and we love it sweet! Gosh-A-Mighty is a popular phrase originating from Mississippi slang words and phrases. Refers to Levar Burton of "Reading Rainbow" and "Star Trek: The Next Generation" fame. The term was in common use in the United States at the end of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, and is reflected in such popular songs of the era as . Originated from Cush. Social relations, politics, organization of labor, and the Southern economy would feel the effects of the dissolution of slavery. That all freedmen, free negroes, and mulattoes may sue and be sued, implead and be impleaded, in all the courts of law and equity of this State, and may acquire personal property, and choses in action, by descent or purchase, and may . When people think of juke joints, they generally envision a lively, informal atmosphere fueled by the sounds of blues and jazz music since the 1930s. I don't care what your younger sibling told you. According to a story in Newsday, "The 1994 book 'Juba to Jive, a Dictionary of African-American Slang,' says 'shuck and jive' dates . The pigment that makes feces brown is called "bilirubin", Italian wordplay of African names/language, From a racist cartoon spread on the internet where a black man is breaking into a house saying "mup da doo ditta po mo BIX NOOD". Black people stand by the mail box and ask the mailman, "Do 'da, do 'da welfare check come today?". Hot Tamale is a Mississippi slang phrase that describes an extremely attractive person. Revitalized again in April, 2007 when Don Imus said "I can't get any place with you people" on the Rev. You'll receive your first newsletter soon! Could also refer to double-A batteries, which you use for a while then throw away. Often used to describe a crowd of African Americans. A Gang known as the Bloods, say PRAAAAAP! It is often used to express surprise or amazement when someone experiences something unexpected. Till's kidnapping and killing became a catalyst for the civil rights movement when his mother insisted on an open-casket funeral in their hometown of Chicago after his . Sure the term dinner seems simple enough, but here in Mississippi nothing is as it seems. So, do you use all the phrases listed above? Taken from the Cosby show. When the U.S. government was clearing the West of Native Americans, they sent many black units to hunt them down. From "Jemima Puddle Duck," a Peter Rabbit character. Refers to black men who only date white women. It's like rigor mortis, except you're just too lazy to move. Blacks who suck up to white people. "So black they appear purple.". Shes also had the honor of interviewing actress Sela Ward for The Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Experience. In reference to the 1975 blacksploitation. A derogatory term used by Filipinos meaning "nigger". Typically used as the name of a character is a racial joke, e.g. Facts About The Spanish Language 21 Most Interesting Facts. Also suggests life without meaning, value or worth. A Russian term for blacks, which originated because of their dark skin which looks like it is covered in coal dust. After studying Mississippi slang words and phrases, it is concluded that they are an integral part of the states culture. Dou means dirt, jin means person. Used in the movie "48 Hours". Whenever a White man fucks a Black woman, he gets some Coontang. And the answer is easy, they call it "supper." All in all, alligator bait stands as one of many colorful, Southern slang words or phrases that Mississippi natives often use in their everyday conversations. Normally consisting of something covered in gravy or cooked in bacon grease, supper is THE meal of the day. Mississippi Black Snake noun a very large penis. Our response writers have been keeping us supplied with engaging content to get us through these last few weeks of the semester. For example, "I want some cold drink!". Indian word for the color black. Yiddish (German origin) word for Black. Used as a response to Blacks who call Whites crackers. Used by Tony Soprano from The Sopranos to represent his daughter's half black boyfriend. From the monster movie "C.H.U.D. Ie. With Mississippi being home to the MSU Bulldogs, this phrase needs no explanation although its normally accompanied by tailgating and beer, lots and lots of beer. A reference to the (in)famous commercial personality. Same vain as Point-Six. From Kunta Kinte in the book/movie "Roots. (If a Mississippian wanted actual sugar, they'd ask in a much nicer manner than this.). Silverbacks are the leaders in a pack of gorillas. See: Apple (2). During the period prior to the Civil War, many blacks were named after famous Romans (e.g. However, in any city in America, African Americans can be found in the worst parts (or arm pits) of that city. You'll receive your first newsletter soon! I was finnin to eat my hamburger, it took it! It's supposed to be funny and/or informational. These are Blacks, usually male, that due to a life of hard substance abuse have the whites of their eyes turn a hepatitis yellow. From the "Uncle Remus" (Br'er Rabbit) story. If not, youre not alone; in the United States, this Mississippi slang term is used to describe an untrustworthy or shady character. Adapted from mixing Nigger with the word piglet (a baby pig). It is said that blacks have an affinity for grape soda. Possibly derived from the "MC" often used after many black nicknames. ASL Gloss. Short for Feargal Sharkey (a UK Pop singer from late 70's and 80's) which rhymes with Darkie. Happy May to the Odyssey community! Blacks used to work the plows before the Civil War. uneducated Black criminals hanging around the streets day and night, along with the speed of young black males, like Cheetahs, the fastest animals in the jungle. The color of cast iron after weathering or "black" pipe - plumber's term for ungalvanized cast/ductile iron. . uneducated Mississippi black man by the name of Erick Hubbard went viral in April 2011. New Jersey = the arm pit of America, this does not mean that African Americans live in Jersey. "Bless your heart" is usually used to show sympathy but can sometimes mean to stop being a baby and grow up in the nicest way possible, of course. People have said that jack rabbits looked like 'lynched' black people. Was used to indicate an educated black man during the civil war; white collar blacks were pretty rare - only white people had desk jobs. Stands for 'Perpetrator In Training.'. Used mostly to describe unathletic blacks, who, according to stereotypes, should be naturally good at sports. Black people in the United States and Canada use this term to refer to an older, beaten up, junky car. How blacks talk (ex.) This database was created entirely from data gleaned off the 'net In Mississippi we call ALL soft drinks coke. Blue Moon An Event That Happens Very Rarely: 3. For much of the first half of the 19th century, Louisville, Ky., was one of the largest slave-trading marketplaces in the country. Arabic term that means Black, many Middle Eastern immigrants to the United States use this. Field nigger is the term used to label blacks who choose not to identify with popular white society and culture, as opposed to house niggers--blacks who bend over backwards to win or maintain favor with whites while relishing in the fact that they at least reside in the house with the master rather then outside with the majority of blacks. One of the few jobs blacks were allowed to do after enlisting in the U.S. Navy was food preparation. Eggplants have black skin. Mississippi Blue Lip: Blacks: Old redneck term. Dont get too ketched up, as Mississippi slang calls it, in the pitfall of gossiping and lose out on all that life has to offer! Means nigger. While many view this term as derogatory, it is commonly used among native Louisianans and often seen as an endearing nickname for someone with Louisiana pride. (Nastia Voynovskaya) Could also have meaning as a shortening of "raccoon", as raccoons have a tendency to steal. Used in the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird". Rhodesian. The popular black basketball player recently embroiled in a rape trial. A real estate agent who sells a home in an upper-class white neighborhood to a black family, thus lowering the values of other homes in the neighborhood. Nigress is to Nigger as Tigris is to Tiger. People use different words to show they are proud of Mississippi. Black slang and AAVE (African-American Vernacular English) have long been considered inferior to so-called "standard" English, and the black people who use it seen as uneducated or unintelligent (forcing many to master the art of code-switching ). A book from the 1950's set in Florida (_The Lotus Eaters_) used Stovelid, which makes some sense if you've ever operated a big wood stove - the lids are the disks set into the big holes on top (these eventually became burners when the design was refined to use gas or electric). A commentary on rich black people living like whites. The term dates back to the vaudeville era of the late 19th century and referred to the sections of the theater where Black people typically sat. See Cocoa Puff. Stereotypical thought of blacks using voodoo. A white prisoner calls a black prisoner a Big Dummy Nigger. However, a Mississippian will know that no one literally carried anyone, anywhere. So, just how long is "a ways?" For their fondness for watermelon. Jackson, MS CNN . Pronouced "milk," made due to misrepresentation of national holidays. So if someone asks you "what kind of coke do you want", say any soft drink you want. Supposed to mean "shuffle along." (This can be stretched to include inviting a black or minority friend over for dinner.). The NAACP said . Adopted on July 1, 1987. Also a 1920's main occupation, shoe shiners. Means "barbequed" or "grilled" in Arabic, blacks for their dark skin. This slur originated in the 60's and 70's. Think again. Hot Tamale An Extremely Attractive Person: 13. Black on the outside, yellow on the inside, Black Children. Said because blacks 'slide' through everything - they're lazy. In the phonetic alphabet, "nigger" is spelled: November - India - Golf - Golf - Echo - Romeo. A Mississippi news anchor and meteorologist has not been on the air since quoting a famous Snoop Dogg phrase that included a racially insensitive term. The legislation . He called an older black man "Jim" and the guy flipped out and roared, "Who are you callin' Jim?" Yetmuch like todayblack slang, music and dances were trendy among white young people of the 1920s, who dabbled in these forms of expression to rebel against their parents' Victorian-era customs and beliefs. Stovepipes from wood-fired stoves get encrusted with black soot, hence the association. Used in a derogatory fashion by members of other races or non-gang members. Comes from the similar idea of calling a black person a "Spook." Some people argue that "ain't" is in the dictionary and that counts it as a word. After the character "Rufus Xavier Sasparilla" from schoolhouse rock. White wall tires have a thin line of white. I didn't think he was speaking English until someone . Cattywampus Crooked Or Out Of Alignment: 4. Pure blooded Blacks having "large fish eyes, dark brown skin, and long legs like a cricket." I've always loved learning and teaching languages. Refering to the color of thier gums. Along with such seminal events as the 1963 murder in Mississippi of Black civil rights activist Medgar Evers, it helped lead to the passage of the landmark Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited racial discrimination in voting. Could be used for any race. This is simply a shortened version of "did you eat yet?" Refers to a black woman when she wears her hair and makeup to try and look like a white woman. 13 Weird Side Effects Everyone Experiences From Growing Up In Mississippi. Sign in to comment to your favorite stories, participate in your community and interact with your friends. Used neutrally and disparagingly. Think coke is the shortened name for Coca-Cola? Used for blacks who pretend to be white. Nerdy Blacks. A pair of new laws in Mississippi is leaving . Term used extensively by the military in Robert O'Connors novel "Buffalo Soldiers" about US Soldiers stationed in Germany. Black people often want "something for nothing.". Used by other black people to refer to the 'old-school' blacks who do not keep current with the 'gansta' styles of music or clothing. So, if Mississippians refer to lunch as "dinner" then what do they call dinner? Claire said that by the 1940s, the term began to take on yet another meaning in American inner cities in particular: as an epithet for bigoted white folks. (we aren't supposed to be here), African's naturally bouncy/kinky hair, when uncut, tends to be big and poofy when dried out. Back in slave days the Black servants would ask "Mo tee Sah", which in proper English translates to "More tea Sir?". It actually makes complete sense when you consider that a rising creek in rural Mississippi often leads to flooded, impassable roads. Pronounced "we be", this refers to the inability of most blacks to conjugate the "be" verb, thus resulting in "we be" instead of "we are" when making references to themselves. It was created so that they could refer to blacks in a derrogatory way and not get in trouble. April 23, 2023. Either from monkeys or the victim of a lynching. Many people still use the term brown noser today when they observe someone who seems to be trying too hard to draw attention or impress others. Dont be surprised if youre in the state and hear someone mentioning dinner at noon thats because dinner is actually used to refer to lunch. Light-skinned black person. After graduating from the University of Southern Mississippi, Daniella began to hone her writing skills through various internships, working for The Royal Obsession and Anatomie clothing. High Falutin is an old Mississippi slang phrase that describes someone with a particularly pompous attitude. Italian word for egg plant, which is black when uncooked. Spota take care of the kids. Most likely originates with the Latin word "niger" which translates to "black". Get more stories delivered right to your email. A river. To use in a sentence; "Hey, look at that 6 over there.". While its exact origins are uncertain, some believe it derives from replacing the phrases God damn it and Gadzooks! with something less offensive. DJ turntable scratching noise, often heard in rap music. Regardless of its start, puttin on the dog has come to represent anyone who puts on a lot of pompous displays that may not reflect their true character. The things Mississippi baseball fans will do to go to Omaha. Until then, Negro was how most black Americans described themselves. Some are self-explanatory, while others will have outsiders swearing Mississippians have a language of their own; here are 12 perfect examples. When you sqeeze it it seems as if it would bounce back at release. Mainly used to describe dark-skinned people who are perceived as trying to be "white"brown on the outside, white on the inside. The proper name is Lance's Toast Chee peanut butter crackers just in case you are confused. Originally was a compliment for Black women, grew popularity from the movie "Friday" then was commonly used mockingly under mentality that a Nubian meaning African even with a title of princess is still a Nigger. Summer is right around the corner, and we're thrilled to welcome it with you. Love Mississippi? The only way you see them in the dark is if they open their eyes and smile. Only a Mississippian would know how to answer this question. It started its decline in 1966 and was totally uncouth by the mid-1980s. A Coonass is a term used to describe someone from Louisiana. This slang was originally derived from the Mississippi slang words and phrases used by southern Louisianans. Made popular by Lethal Weapon 2. Believed to originate in pre WW II Detroit. I am blessed and highly favored. Believed to be contraction of Yiddish/German schwatrz (black) and boogie. Her eyes opened wide when she saw his Mississippi Black Snake. This is a response to 5 Artists I Can't Get Enough Of Right Now. Its origins derive from folktales of wealthy people using big words or showing off their privilege, making themselves seem superior. Skin color can resemble that of a burnt piece of bread. Southern origins. Pine trees were the tree of choice to hang blacks, Blacks who act like Asians, or is very into Asian culture. Reference to the 3/5ths Compromise, where the US Gov't decided that slaves (Blacks) only counted as 3/5ths of a person for population reasons. Not necessarily specific to Blacks. Comparison to the blackened smokestacks of the manufacturing plants. April 21, 2023, 12:53 PM. In Mississippi, buggy also means the shopping cart. Three days after arriving in Money, Mississippi, on August 24, 1955, Emmett Till and a group of teenagers entered Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market to buy refreshments after a long day picking. A common practice of southerners was to hang blacks. Common black name/character in Antebellum South. A black person(cricket) in a sea of white(the moon). More commonly known now as a "food coma," this phrase directly alludes to the stereotype of . "Hey I know that guy, he's Justin Igger". Refers to the Spanish conquerors who took over areas against the will of the current inhabitants. "Spota get a job. Most all Lawn Jockeys are Black, sometimes also known as Porch Monkey. No application required to sign up. Regardless of its origins, this Mississippi slang phrase will remain a staple of conversations throughout the state for many years. Nappy/frizzy hair esp. JACKSON, Miss. Also a way to mask the word Nigger, Black female basketball players (Thanks Don Imus, you racist douchebag). The Irish-Americans called black people "Nagurs" because they could not pronounce the word "Nigger" with their accent. Theyre not referring to your looks rather theyre letting you know to change your attitude because its, well, ugly. Used by some southern people to refer to black people. Black children. Shortened from Gangster or OG (Original Gangster). Well, it varies. Reference to a stand up comic's famous bit about Bebe's kids that inspired a movie years later.
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